Understanding ADHD: The Link to Executive Function Deficits

TLDR; ADHD is linked to deficits in executive functions, including inhibition, visual imagery, self-talk, emotional control, and problem-solving.

⚙️ ADHD and Executive Function

The latest thinking on ADHD involves the topic of executive functioning being related to ADHD and possibly being the core deficits in the disorder.

Executive functions are defined as capacities for self-control that allow individuals to sustain action and problem-solving toward a goal.

They involve goal-directed problem-solving and persistence.

At least five executive functions are implicated in the disorder, including the ability to inhibit behavior, use visual imagery, talk to oneself, control emotions, and plan and problem-solve.

⏳ Inhibition

The first executive function is the ability to inhibit behavior, allowing other executive functions to guide behavior toward the future.

This involves stopping current actions to enable the redirection of behavior. Research suggests that this ability is impaired in individuals with ADHD.

🖼️ Visual Imagery

The second executive function involves the ability to use visual imagery or non-verbal working memory to hold images in mind and use them as mental maps to guide behavior toward intended targets.

It also helps in remembering the sequence of steps necessary to accomplish a goal or task.

Impairment in this ability is expected in individuals with ADHD.

🗣️ Self-Talk

The third executive ability is the capacity to talk to oneself in the mind as a form of self-guidance, known as verbal working memory.

This internal voice is used not just for self-conversation, but also to give instructions and question oneself when facing novel situations or problems.

It is another form of self-control used to guide behavior over time to accomplish goals.

😌 Emotional Control

The fourth executive ability involves the control of emotions and motivations, leading to emotional self-control.

Individuals with ADHD may struggle with inhibiting strong emotions and moderating them to align with long-term welfare and goals.

💡 Problem-Solving

The final executive function involves the ability to plan and problem-solve, which requires mental play and the manipulation of information in mind to discover novel combinations that overcome obstacles toward goals.

This ability allows individuals to aim their behavior toward the future. By adulthood, these five executive functions serve as a set of mind tools that enable people to regulate their own behavior over time for their long-term welfare.